Definition of intestinal polyps

Polyps are growths that often develop in the colon (large intestine) and rectum. There are several types of polyps, and they can vary in size. Some types of polyps can be or become cancerous. The larger the polyp, the higher the risk that it is or will become cancerous. The causes of colon and rectal polyp growth are often unknown. However, certain hereditary diseases can cause their appearance, such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.

Symptoms of intestinal polyps

The majority of polyps are asymptomatic. Otherwise, the most common symptom is rectal bleeding, that is, the presence of blood in the stool. Large polyps can cause abdominal pain, cramps, intestinal problems (e.g., obstruction), or diarrhea. 

Diagnosis of Intestinal Polyps

The diagnosis is made using a colonoscopy. This examination involves inserting a probe equipped with a camera through the anus to examine the inside of the colon and rectum and to detect the presence of polyps.

Treatment of intestinal polyps

The treatment generally involves removing all identified polyps. This procedure is performed during the colonoscopy or in a subsequent surgery if necessary. The removed polyps are then evaluated to detect any possible cancer. If a polyp is found to be cancerous, additional treatment may be required. Finally, follow-up colonoscopies take place at different intervals depending on several factors, such as the type, number, and size of the polyps.

Prevention of intestinal polyps

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), an American institute that conducts and supports research on various diseases, research suggests that certain changes could have beneficial effects on health and may reduce the risk of developing colon polyps:

1. Food

• An increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and other fiber-rich foods (e.g., legumes, whole grains, etc.);
• A weight loss in case of overweight;
• A lower consumption of fatty foods (e.g., fried foods), red meat (e.g., beef, pork, lamb, etc.), and processed meat (e.g., sausages, ham, bacon, salami, etc.). (See the article:  Processed foods and the NOVA classification)

2. Lifestyle

• The practice of regular physical activity;
• Do not smoke or quit smoking;
• Avoid drinking alcohol;
• Weight loss in case of overweight.

References

• https://badgut.org/centre-information/sujets-de-a-a-z/les-polypes-colorectaux/?lang=en
• https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/digestive-disorders/tumors-of-the-digestive-system/colon-and-rectal-polyps
• https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/gastrointestinal-tract-tumors/colon-and-rectal-polyps?query=Colon%20and%20rectal%20polyps
• https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/digestive-disorders/digestive-tract-tumors/colon-and-rectal-polyps
• https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/colon-polyps/eating-diet-nutrition
• https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/colon-polyps/treatment

Article written by:

Marie-Noël Marsan, Nutritionist